DESIGN AND ECOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTION OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS. FEATURES OF THE DESIGN PROCESS

ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО СИСТЕМ ВЕНТИЛЯЦИИ. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОЦЕССА РАЗРАБОТКИ

Бзыкова Алина Заурбековна

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Колесник Дарья Алексеевна

студент, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

Юдина Ирина Ивановна

преподаватель, Национальный Исследовательский Московский Государственный Строительный Университет,

РФ, г. Москва

ABSTRACT

This article is devoted to the issue of the procedure for the design and installation of ventilation and it gives a description of the existing possibilities of green construction and existing innovations in 2023. The article describes the jet ventilation and smoke exhaust system in underground parking lots, and it provides a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of this system with the effectiveness of a traditional ducted ventilation system.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Данная статья посвящена вопросу порядка проектирования и монтажа вентиляции и даётся описание существующих возможностей экологического строительства и существующих нововведений 2023 года. В статье рассматривается струйная система вентиляции и удаления дыма в подземных парковках, даётся сравнительный анализ эффективности этой системы с эффективностью традиционной канальной системой вентиляции.

Ключевые слова: проектирование вентиляции, функции вентиляции, струйная вентиляция, удаление дыма, подземные автопарковки.

Keywords: ventilation design, ventilation functions, jet ventilation, smoke removal, underground car parks.

Ventilation design is a popular design area because it is impossible to imagine a building without ventilation systems; it is a prerequisite for design. Modern building cannot be imagined without ventilation, because ventilation contributes to human comfort indoors. Ventilation design is enshrined in law.

Designing ventilation systems is hard and costly work, but with proper design and installation it is possible to ensure comfort and fresh air in a room.

Typically, ventilation systems ensure that fresh air enters the room and that contaminated air is extracted.

The design engineer receives the technical assignment from the client and takes into account all architectural and design features of the building. The ventilation design must fulfil all the functions of the system.

It is one of the most important steps in the construction process because it must ensure human comfort and safety.

The process of ventilation design must meet the standards laid down in regulations. Such normative documents are the following:

• Construction Norms & Regulations 41-01-2003 «Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning»;
• Construction Norms & Regulations 23-01-99 «Construction climatology»;
• Construction Norms & Regulations 21-01-97 «Fire safety of buildings and constructions»;
• Construction Norms & Regulations 23-02-2003 «Thermal protection of buildings».

Let us list stages in the design of air conditioning systems:

• Terms of technical specification;
• Developing a solution for the air conditioning system;
• Development of project documentation;
• Selection of the required equipment and materials according to the customer's cost and quality requirements;
• Project approval;
• Supervising installation work.

The ventilation system performs certain tasks that are necessary for the comfort of the person who is in the building. One of the tasks is to keep the whole building functioning and to prevent the deterioration of its structural elements. When designing these systems, it is essential to understand what functions the system has to perform.

Ventilation systems use a fan to create a flow of air. This flow can be used to provide fresh air in the room or to remove polluted air. A ventilation system can also use a filter to clean the air of dust and other contaminants.

Let us list the mandatory functions of ventilation in today's world:

• Maintaining a certain level of oxygen content in the room;
• Purification of air from substances that is dangerous to people;
• Diverting excess moisture from building components;
• Maintaining a certain temperature and humidity levels.

One of the most important steps in designing ventilation systems is the way the air is transported and the type of ventilation system.

Before designing, the design engineer must determine what functions the system should perform and what type of ventilation system it should be, and then proceed to the next steps.

Modern systems are classified in several ways:

• Method of air circulation: natural or mechanical;
• Purpose: supply, exhaust or supply/exhaust;
• Design: duct or ductless;
• Method of air exchange: general ventilation, local ventilation, emergency ventilation, smoke exhaust ventilation;

• Additional functions: Heated ventilation, ventilation with air filtration.

The choice of ventilation system depends on the purpose, volume and characteristics of the room (number of people, layout, etc.).

1. The first direction – method of air circulation; and there are two types of systems in this direction:
2. ) Natural ventilation is a system that does not require equipment that forces the airflow. Consequently, the air exchange in the room takes place by itself.

Natural ventilation is also divided into two types:

• An organized natural ventilation system is a system with special openings that are created in the walls, under the ceiling and above the floor. These openings are used to bring air in and out.
• Fragmented natural ventilation is a system in which the air exchange is due to differences in temperature (between the room and outside the window), wind speed, and the rise and fall of atmospheric pressure.

b) A forced-air (mechanical) ventilation system is a ventilation system where special equipment must be installed to supply air to and remove air from the room.

2. The second direction – the supply system; and there are three types of systems in this direction:
   
   1. The purpose of supply air is to provide heated air. Fresh air comes in after treatment: cleaning, heating, cooling and humidifying. This system consists of: an air intake device, a heater, a cooler, filters for cleaning, and devices for supplying air into the room.
   2. The purpose of exhaust ventilation is to remove exhaust air from the space.
   3. Supply-exhaust ventilation is a joint system of two types (supply and exhaust). The performance must be balanced. The air is supplied to the room by the supply system and exhausted by the exhaust system.
3. The third direction, which has to do with system design; and there two types of systems in this direction:
   
   1. The duct ventilation system is used when designing large rooms with at least 3 m ceilings and high air cleaning and temperature requirements. For example, for offices, shopping centers, hospitals, restaurant kitchens. This system consists of an extensive network of ducts for moving air. The air is supplied and exhausted at the same time. There is a central unit where the air treatment takes place: cleaning, disinfection, heating, air conditioning and humidification.
   2. In ductless ventilation, ducts (air ducts) may not be present in the slab.
4. The fourth direction, which concerns the choice of air exchange; and there are four types of systems in this direction:
   
   1. General supply and exhaust ventilation systems supply and distribute air uniformly in the room in general, and remove air uniformly from the room.
   2. Local ventilation is a system of ventilation in which air is supplied to certain places and extracted only from places where contaminated air is generated. For example, an extractor hood in the kitchen. This type of ventilation is designed in industry.
   3. Emergency ventilation is a ventilation system that is designed for rooms where the level of contaminated air may exceed the permitted level.
   4. Smoke control ventilation is a ventilation system that is designed for buildings with a high fire risk. With this system, during a fire, an amount of air is introduced into the room that prevents smoke from spreading.

In recent years, there has been a trend towards rapidly developing large numbers of covered car parks. In Moscow underground car parks are being built under every multi-story residential, office, commercial and public building. As a rule, they are placed at the level of the basement or the first non-residential floor.

There are several things to consider when designing covered car parks:

1. Compliance with the regulatory parameters for indoor air
2. Provide the premises with fire and explosion-proof equipment
3. A set of measures and activities aimed at protecting the environment

There are currently two schemes for mechanical supply and exhaust air distribution systems in the construction of covered car parks:

• Ducted (traditional) ventilation and smoke extraction scheme
• Jet ventilation and smoke extraction scheme

A duct system is an elaborate network of ducts supply, exhaust and smoke ventilation. This system is considered traditional and is designed in most buildings of car parks in our country. The main advantage of such a system is design possibility in rooms with a large drop ceiling heights and complex geometries.

The jet system involves creating a forced flow of in the car park area without ducting, by means of ceiling-mounted jet fans. This system is not a new one; it has been used for about 20 years in design tunnel ventilation systems. But when designing systems ventilation and smoke extraction in enclosed car parks in our country is a relatively recent phenomenon, whereas, in Germany, for example, a jet ventilation and smoke extraction system is a typical technical solution.

A jet fan is a conventional reversible axial fan or non-reversible, fitted with muffler spigots. Main its characteristic is the axial reactive thrust - force, acting in the outlet cross section of the fan. Efficiency is determined by the ratio of axial reactive thrust to power of the electric motor. It is believed that the larger the size of the jet of the fan, the more efficient it is.

The traditional ventilation system has a number of disadvantages in design:

• The ducting is located under the ceiling, reducing the height of the car park height;
• The air ducts run under the beams of the car park, thereby reducing the height of the car park even;
• Exhaust ventilation at the lower air intake points often protection fences are needed which take up valuable floor space;
• The air ducts obstruct the view of the car park and may interfere with video surveillance and lighting.

Air ducts, by reducing the ceiling height, increase the risk factor in a fire for people in a confined space. A jet ventilation system has no such disadvantages, even with a low ceiling height. In addition, the absence of a ducting system allows reduce equipment and installation costs for ventilation. There are no losses due to duct network resistance, which means lower energy costs for the ventilation system. It also saves money on system maintenance.

Here are examples of projects with jet ventilation in underground and indoor car parks in Russia:

• A four-story, 40,000-square-metre underground car park. The city of Kazan has a combined reversible jet ventilation system;
• The covered car park of 20,000 square meters in the city of Moscow, in the "GLOBUS" supermarket, has a general-exchange jet ventilation system;
• A semi-open car park of 8,000 square meters in St. Petersburg has a general exchange system of jet ventilation;
• The three-story 16,000-square-metre underground car park in Moscow's ENITEO residential complex has a combined unidirectional jet ventilation system.

In conclusion it should be noted that designing ventilation systems, although a complex process, is nevertheless an interesting area of design. The design of ventilation systems, although a complex process, is a rather interesting area of design. Ensuring people's comfort indoors is a major concern in ventilation design, so the field is not standing still, but is constantly evolving. Design engineers can develop this area in order to make the human environment as comfortable as possible. Developing this area of design means that science does not stand still and people are willing to move forward to develop ventilation design.

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