DIPLOMACY AND TYPES OF DIPLOMACY

Diplomacy- is the art of conducting international relations based on finding compromises, establishing trust and resolving conflicts through peaceful dialogue. It plays a key role in the modern world, being an integral part of the political process. In this article, we will look at various types of diplomacy, as well as their features and effectiveness. The first type of diplomacy is state or classical diplomacy. It is a system of official representatives of the State engaged in establishing and maintaining relations with other countries. State diplomacy includes conducting negotiations, concluding international treaties and ensuring the security of one's country. This type of diplomacy plays an important role in overcoming conflicts and maintaining international stability. However, with the development of information technology, a new type of diplomacy has emerged – cyberdiplomacy. It is based on the use of digital tools and networks to establish and maintain relations between States. Cyber diplomacy includes aspects such as information security, cyber propaganda and cyber espionage. Its goal is to ensure the interests of its state in cyberspace and counter threats from other countries. [2] In this article, we will look at these two main types of diplomacy, as well as other forms of diplomatic activity, such as public diplomacy, economic diplomacy and private diplomacy. We will analyze their features, advantages and disadvantages, as well as consider specific examples of successful application of each type of diplomacy. Such a variety of methods allows States to effectively protect their interests in the international arena and find compromises to achieve peaceful cooperation.

Introduction to Diplomacy: basic concepts and principles

Diplomacy is an important area of international relations, which is designed to maintain friendly and productive ties between States. The basic concepts underlying diplomacy are mutual respect, trust and communication. One of the types of diplomacy is official or state diplomacy. Its task is to establish contacts between the Governments of various countries and conduct negotiations on political, economic and security issues. Another type of diplomacy is public or public diplomacy. It is aimed at strengthening public opinion and creating a favorable image of the country abroad. Public diplomats work with non-governmental organizations, the academic community and the media to achieve this goal. Conflict or crisis diplomacy is also worth noting. Its task is to resolve international conflicts and crises through negotiations, mediation or diplomatic agreements. The principles of diplomacy include non-discrimination, non-violence, non-interference and respect for human rights

The history of the development of diplomacy: from ancient times to the present

The history of the development of diplomacy stretches over thousands of years, starting with ancient civilizations and continuing to modern times. In ancient times, diplomacy was an integral part of the political life of states. The ancient Aegeans and Phoenicians used treaties and negotiations to maintain peaceful relations and trade ties. The great Empire of Rome also made a significant contribution to the development of diplomacy. Roman emperors used embassies, went on delegations to other rulers, and formed alliances to strengthen their position in the international arena. Medieval Europe was a period of instability and power struggles. At this time, various forms of diplomacy, such as sending ambassadors or marrying royal families, were used to preserve peaceful relations between states. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the era of modernization brought with it the development of diplomatic protocol and the establishment of permanent embassies. The great monarchies of Europe, such as England, France and Prussia, began to actively use diplomacy to ensure their political interests. [2]

Modern forms of diplomacy: public, parallel, sports, shuttle, gunboat diplomacy.

Modern diplomacy is a complex and diverse system that includes various forms of interaction between States. However, in addition to traditional types of diplomacy, such as official and consular, there are also new forms that are actively used in the modern world. The first of them is public diplomacy. This is a way of conducting international relations through the public and the media. It is based on the use of mass communications to achieve political goals and create an image of the country. Public diplomacy is aimed at creating a positive image of the state, strengthening its authority and supporting its interests. The second form is parallel diplomacy. It consists in establishing contacts and exchanging information between unofficial representatives of States or other actors in the international arena. Parallel diplomacy can be used to solve specific problems, bypass official communication channels, or prepare for thorough negotiations. It is often used in cases where official relations between States are difficult. For example, koala diplomacy is actively involved in Australia. Often these marsupials are presented to foreign governments, we must not forget that only the peoples of friendly countries deserve such a gift. If Australia participates in an international summit, koalas are sent from Canberra on a business trip abroad. A 600-page manual detailing koala care has been created for officials at the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. For example, in 2014, the G20 summit was held in Australia, the leaders of various countries took pictures with koalas.

The third form is sports diplomacy. Sport, like other things, can rightfully be considered equally a resource and a tool of soft power. This is a way to get the desired result in international relations due to its excellent culture and traditions, and political value. We believe that this is much better than the methods of coercion or any kind of pressure. Today, sports events are becoming an object of universal admiration. Such big events as the Olympic Games are actively covered in the media, thanks to which we are learning more and more about them. He makes a huge contribution to the formation of a good or bad opinion about a certain country abroad. Sports diplomacy can be considered as a separate type of traditional diplomacy. The possibilities of sports diplomacy are extremely wide and it can really be called a separate type of diplomacy [1, p. 361].

The fourth form is gunboat diplomacy. The essence of this diplomacy is to demonstrate strength with the help of the navy. This kind of diplomacy got its name from the word "gunboat" — a small ship with serious artillery armament. Gunboat diplomacy was used by the United States in China in suppressing the Boxer rebellion in the early twentieth century, during which control of Chinese rivers was carried out by American and British gunboats, as well as in Latin America. This description refers to the frequent practice of conducting aggressive policies by imperialist States that use armed forces, especially military fleets, to forcibly interfere in the internal affairs of less powerful countries with the intention of subordinating their interests. [3]

The fifth form is shuttle diplomacy. This is one of the means of peaceful settlement of disputes and conflicts between countries through many negotiations with the participation of a third State, and at the same time they have the right to set conditions. They are usually called intermediaries. In 1974, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger began shuttle diplomacy between Jerusalem and Arab countries.

References:

1. Sports Diplomacy as an Independent Type of Diplomac/ Anna G. Negasheva,2022. – p.361-363
2. International Cooperation and Global Leadership: The Role of Diplomacy in the Modern World/ https://center-info.com/2023/08/20/international-cooperation-and-global-leadership-the-role-of-diplomacy-in-the-modern-world/ (date of application:9.12.2023)
3. Национальная энциклопедическая служба/Политическая энциклопедия/ https://politike.ru/termin/diplomatija-kanonerok.html/ (date of application:9.12.2023)