PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN WORKS OF M.TWAIN FROM ENGLISH INTO KAZAKH

ABSTRACT

The aim of the article is to study the peculiarities of the translation of figurative phraseology in the works of the English writer Mark Twain into the Kazakh language. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set: to study the concept and classification of figurative idioms, to analyze the works of English writers with figurative expressions, to determine the features and meanings of figurative phrases, as well as to develop translation strategies and proposals. Within the framework of the article, various types of figurative phraseology in English and their corresponding analogues in the Kazakh language are considered.

Keywords: cultural nuances, translating difficulties, idiomatic language, cultural adaptations, literary analysis.

The translation of phraseological units from English into Kazakh can create certain difficulties, since each language has its own characteristics and cultural nuances. It should be borne in mind that phraseological units often have an idiomatic meaning that does not correspond to a direct translation. Despite this, there are several ways that will help translate phraseological units from English into Kazakh:

1. Search for similar or similar phraseological units in the Kazakh language: Sometimes there are similar phraseological units expressing the same thought or similar emotions. This can be useful for expressing initial phraseological units.

2. The use of periphrasis: In the absence of a clear analogue of the phraseological unit in the Kazakh language, it is possible to use periphrasis, that is, to express the idea of a phraseological unit more specifically.

3. Consider the context: It is important to consider in what context phraseological units are used, to understand their purpose and meaning. This will help you choose the most convenient translation that converts and transmits the meaning of the phraseological unit into the Kazakh language.

4. Consultation of native speakers: Communication with native speakers of the Kazakh language can be useful for a better understanding of cultural nuances and shades of translation of phraseological units. They can give valuable advice and help you choose the most natural translation of phraseological units [1].

Twain's novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" was a continuation of the famous novel "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer", written in 1884. The book, written in bright, lively language, fully reflects the peculiarities of life in the south of America before the Civil War. Mark Twain's novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" is distinguished by the bright colorful language of the characters and special phraseological features reflecting the unique atmosphere of adventures on the Mississippi River [2].

One of the phraseological features of the novel is the use of dialect speech. The main character Heckleberry Finn is a poor boy who grew up in Mississippi, and his words reflect his socio-cultural context. In the text of the novel, you can find many dialect expressions, grammatical and phonetic features, everyday vocabulary and abbreviations that give the text a sense of reality and liveliness.

Another phraseological feature of the novel is the active use of idiomatic and figurative expressions. Twain skillfully uses these expressions to convey emotions, characters, and events. They create a special narrative style and rich texture for the novel. Also in the novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" one can trace the use of a parody (proverb) conveying the wisdom and truth of the people, the use of funny and playful phraseological units that amuse the text. It is worth noting that most of the phraseological phrases in the novel do not have a direct analogue in Russian, their translation can be a difficult job. Translators try to convey to the Russian-speaking reader the authenticity and mood of the original, while maintaining understanding.

The phraseological features of the novel "The Events of Huckleberry Finn" are one of the main components of his style and they contribute to the creation of a unique atmosphere and authenticity of the work. This makes the novel interesting to read and analyze [3].

The image of the full-flowing Mississippi River not only unites the action, but also reflects the subtlety and meaninglessness of human passions and ambitions: the images alternate with each other, and the river continues to slowly rotate its water in a wide space. He determines the mental state of the American River Hector - he removes his guilt, gives him peace and wisdom. The image of the Great River embodies the freedom that the characters of the novel strive for - Heck, running away from his father, and Jim, running away from a black man, and gives eternal importance to their aspirations [4, pp. 56-58].

Indeed, the translation of the novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" may cause some difficulties. Firstly, as we have already said, there are many dialectical, colorful words in the novel that reflect the peculiarities of the habitat and culture of the characters. It can be difficult to translate the features of this dialect into another language, since each language has its grammatical and phonetic features.

Secondly, in a novel, as a rule, there are many idiomatic expressions and phraseological units that are closely related to the culture and history of a particular language. Such expressions may not have an exact analogue in another language, so translators should look for the closest analogues or come up with new conclusions to preserve the meaning and influence of the original.

It is also worth noting that Mark Twain's novel has a special plot style that is not easy to translate into another language. For example, in the text of a novel, the translator may have difficulties in jokes, phrases, and various styles of speech.

Nevertheless, translators try to find a balance between fidelity to the original and clarity to the reader in order to convey the emotions, mood, and meaning of the work. Some translators through certain lexical or grammatical solutions try to use similar dialectical features or create similar effects.

Phraseological units in the novel "The Experience of Huckleberry Finn" are difficult to translate into Kazakh, since many idiomatic expressions and colored expressions are used in this work. Here are examples of such phraseological units and possible translation options into Kazakh:

"To be in a pickle"

In Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the idiom "To be in a pickle" is used in various situations to get into a difficult or difficult position. Some examples of this phrase appear in the work:

1. "Jim and I found ourselves in a real pickle when we were caught by a group of bounty hunters." (Джим екеумізді бір топ  аңшылар ұстап алған кезде өзімізді қиын жағдайда көрдік.)

2. "Hook, you've really got yourself into a pickle this time. How are you going to get out of it?" (Хак, сен бұл жолы өте қиын жағыдайда тұрсың. Одан қалай шығасың?)

3. "Being caught between two feuding families is a real pickle, ain't it?" (Соғысушы екі отбасының арасында қалу - нағыз апат, солай ма?)

4. "I never thought asking for a favor would land me in such a pickle." (Көмек сұрау мені мұндай қиындыққа душар етеді деп ойладым.)

So, the phraseology "Peace" in the novel "The Events of Huckleberry Finn"it implies being in a difficult or dangerous position, not just a problem.

«To hit the nail on the head»

In Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the idiom "decline" is used in various situations to get into a difficult position. Here are some examples where this phrase appears: "Sometimes I was not afraid to be brave, and sometimes it seems to me that I am hitting a bull in the eyes with the words of the elector. I once confessed to Joe in silence, do you know? He laughed and said it. That's what I thought about my will. I was surprised how he foresaw it. However, he has not yet seen everything in the world".[7] Although the novel does not directly use the expression "To hit the nail on the head", this expression reflects the idea of accuracy that can be associated with this expression [5, pp. 77-78].

The riddle "To let the cat out of the bag"( “Құпияны айту”)

The word "To let the cat out of the bag" is included in Mark Twain's novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". In this chapter, Heckleberry Finn and his friend Tom Sawyer decide to join the "pirate club" and intend to do so "out of evil" during their adventure game. However, the brother of the main character Heckleberry Finn, Tom Sid Sawyer, does not want to talk about his plans. In this view, the version closest to the translation looks like this:

"Sid, I know that you are afraid of him (Tom), and you follow his made-up evil jokes and get all his problems. But I'm not telling you what it is, so you can forget about it."[7,7]  Although this expression does not directly correspond to the word "To let the cat out of the bag", it contains a similar idea - not to disclose secrets or plans that may lead to unforeseen consequences. In this case, Heckleberry Finn wants to keep his plans secret and prevent possible difficulties with their disclosure.

So, although the exact expression "To let the cat out of the bag" is not used in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, there is a similar idea of secrecy in the image we have described.

Ignore "To give someone the cold shoulder" (“Біреуді елемеу”)

In Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the phraseological unit is "To give someone the cold shoulder" (direct translation: "to send some cold shoulder") is not used directly in the text. However, it is possible to find conditions related to this expression. In chapter 24 of the novel, Heckleberry gets into a situation when Finn returns to town and finds out that his father Heck Finn has appeared in town. Heckleberry and Heck didn't have a close relationship, and Heck didn't pay enough attention to his son. Therefore, it can be assumed that the scene in which Heckleberry met with his father reflects the idea of a "cold attitude towards someone." (“Біреуге салқын көзқараспен қарау”) Although the phrase "to give someone the cold shoulder" is not used directly in this chapter, Heckleberry may have the idea of not talking to someone or not talking to them when meeting his father. This expression characterizes an attitude that reflects a person's rejection or neglect of another person [6, pp. 75-76b].

"To kick the bucket" "Death"

Mark Twain's novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" does not use the phraseological expression "bucket" (direct translation: "bucket"). However, it is possible to find similar states that can be associated with this expression. In the novel, the main character Heckleberry Finn is confronted with the idea of death. For example, in chapter 9, Hackberry heard Muff Peterson talking about his death in a pub. In chapter 17, Heckleberry, Tom Sawyer, and Joe Harper are in a cave and presumed dead. These phenomena can be seen in the context of death threats and death, but the expression "to kick the bucket" is not used.

In conclusion, the translation of figurative phraseological units in the works of English writers into Kazakh is a complex and multifaceted process that requires not only knowledge of languages, but also a deep understanding of the cultural and linguistic characteristics of both languages. As a result, phraseological units in Mark Twain's novels serve not only as a means of creating lively and recognizable characters, but also as a reflection of American culture and language of that time. In order to reliably convey to the Kazakh language the essence and atmosphere of Mark Twain's works, it is important for translators to  take into account the peculiarities of phraseological semantics and context.

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1. Retsker Ya.I. Theory of translation and translation
2. Latyshev L.K. Interlanguage transformations as a means of achieving translation equivalence.//Semantic and syntactic problems of the theory of language and translation. - M., 2016. - 107s.
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4. Toper P. Ivan Alexandrovich Kashkin. 2015-2016. Preface to the novel by I.A. Kashkin "Ernest Hemingway". M.: "Fiction", 1966. - p.4.
5. Breus E.V. Fundamentals of theory and practice of translation from Russian into English: A textbook. 2nd ed., ispr. and additional-M.: Publishing House of URAO, 2014. - 208s.
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7. https://contentserver.adobe.com/store/books/HuckFinn.pdf